![]() In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their olfaction receptors. In ancient times people used herbs and spices, such as almond, coriander, myrtle, conifer resin, and bergamot, as well as flowers. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq ft) factory housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. The perfumes dated back more than 4,000 years. In 2003, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. A Byzantine alembic used to distill perfumes Ancient Egyptian perfume vessel in shape of a monkey 1550-1295 BC faience height: 6.5 cm, width: 3.3 cm, depth: 3.8 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) ![]() On the Indian subcontinent, perfume and perfumery existed in the Indus civilization (3300 BC – 1300 BC). She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics, then filtered and put them back in the still several times. The world's first-recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia. It was further refined by the Romans and the Muslims. Perfumery, as the art of making perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley civilization and possibly Ancient China. ![]() The word perfume is derived from the Latin perfumare, meaning "to smoke through". Main article: History of perfume Egyptian scene depicting the preparation of lily perfume, 4th century BC Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as vanillin or coumarin, which allowed for the composition of perfumes with smells previously unattainable solely from natural aromatics. The 1939 Nobel Laureate for Chemistry, Leopold Ružička stated in 1945 that "right from the earliest days of scientific chemistry up to the present time, perfumes have substantially contributed to the development of organic chemistry as regards methods, systematic classification, and theory." Īncient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations. They consist of manmade mixtures of aromatic chemicals and essential oils. Perfumes can be defined as substances that emit and diffuse a pleasant and fragrant odor. Perfume ( UK: / ˈ p ɜː f j uː m/, US: / p ər ˈ f j uː m/ French: parfum) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds (fragrances), fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. For other uses, see Perfume (disambiguation). ![]() This article is about the fragrant substance. ![]()
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